The BBCH system to coding the phenological growth stages of plants - history and publications (2024)

Changes in specific activity of ascorbate peroxidase during seed development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) treated with salicylic acid

Annals of Applied Biology, 2010

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is an annual oilseed crop belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is adapted to semiarid growing conditions and could have expanded potential as an alternative, multipurpose crop in central Argentina and other semiarid regions. Agronomic and ecophysiology research of safflower is needed to promote its cultivation and economic potential. An accurate, standard scale describing phenological growth stages is needed to facilitate the crop management and research. We describe phenological growth stages of safflower plants from seed germination to harvest maturity according to the codes of the extended BBCH scale, a scale widely adopted throughout the world for the description of growth developmental stages of weeds and crops. This scale uses a two-digit code, where the same code is applied to the same growth stages of different plant species. For each code, a description based on easily observable external morphological characteristics is given. This work is the first description of safflower growth stages according to the codes of the extended BBCH scale. The codification proposed here provides an accurate and simplified approach to identify the safflower growth stages. This will provide a useful tool for farmers and researchers facilitating scientific communications at an international level.

Annals of Applied Biology, 2017

Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2011

Scientia Horticulturae, 2019

Research, Society and Development

The aim of this study was to characterize the development of flowers and fruits in native species of the family Myrtaceae based on the BBCH scale in search for unique and unpublished information about the Brazilian flora. The study was conducted in the Native Fruit Collection of the Federal Technological University of Parana, Campus Dois Vizinhos. We carried out photographic monitoring of eight species of the family Myrtaceae: pitanga tree, araçá-amarelo tree, cereja-da-mata tree, jabuticaba tree, ubajaí tree, guabiju tree, guabiroba tree, and sete-capote tree. The phenological stages follow the general BBCH scale for fruit species, in which the complete cycle of plant development is subdivided into 10 main phases. This study is the first to describe the phenological stages of these species according to the BBCH scale, which facilitates verification of all phases of different vegetative and reproductive stages of the investigated species. Such scales may serve as important and usefu...

Scientia Horticulturae, 2022

Vaccinium floribundum Kunth (Ericaceae) is a native Andean species with shrubby habit and edible fruits. It is mostly distributed in the paramos of the Andes, from Venezuela to Bolivia, where it is commonly known as "mortiño". In this study, we describe the reproductive phenological growth stages of V. floribundum in the paramo of the Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador, using an adaptation of the BBCH scale system, and according to semimonthly observations conducted in three localities from January 2017 to June 2018 (18 months). In addition, a linear regression analysis was performed to detect any potential influence of climatic parameters on the reproductive phenology of "mortiño". Throughout the monitoring period, different stages of reproductive growth such as bud, flower and fruit were simultaneously found among individuals and, sometimes, even in the same plant. The reproductive phenology of sampled individuals from sites 1 and 2 (Mindala Loma and Polylepis, respectively) were relatively synchronized, whereas individuals from site 3 (Mechahuasca) showed a different phenological pattern. A significant, apparently quick, loss of flowers was evident in all localities during the study period. The patterns observed could reflect physiological constraints imposed by the extreme weather conditions of the paramo.

Plants, 2020

The circadian clock is a molecular timer of metabolism that affects the diurnal pattern of stomatal conductance (gs), amongst other processes, in a broad array of plant species. The function of circadian gs regulation remains unknown and here, we test whether circadian regulation helps to optimize diurnal variations in stomatal conductance. We subjected bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) canopies to fixed, continuous environmental conditions of photosynthetically active radiation, temperature, and vapour pressure deficit (free-running conditions) over 48 h. We modelled gs variations in free-running conditions to test for two possible optimizations of stomatal behaviour under circadian regulation: (i) that stomata operate to maintain constant marginal water use efficiency; or (ii) that stomata maximize C net gain minus the costs or risks of hydraulic damage. We observed that both optimization models predicted gs poorly under free-running conditions, indicating ...

JOURNAL OF APPLIED HORTICULTURE , 2011

International Journal of Biometeorology, 2011

Functional Ecology, 2021

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 2020

We compared the effectiveness of three different trap colours (blue, yellow and white) to identify the optimal trap colour for the monitoring of the thrips Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips tabaci, Thrips fuscipennis and Aeolothrips intermedius in the three pea cultivars, namely Polar, Izolda and Tarchalska. The number of captured thrips specimens was significantly affected by trap colour, pea cultivar and interaction between these factors. The two most attractive trap base colours for thrips were blue (peak at 450nm) and yellow (peak at 550nm). Irrespective of the pea cultivar, most F. intonsa were captured on the blue and yellow traps. Blue traps were the most attractive to T. fuscipennis and T. tabaci, followed by yellow and white ones, and yellow traps were most attractive to A. intermedius. More thrips were caught on the traps located in the plots with cultivars characterised by a longer growing season Tarchalska and Izolda, which were inhabited by large numbers of thrips. There ...

Annals of Applied Biology, 2019

Foreign Affairs, 1990

Annals of Applied Biology, 2012

Agronomie, 2004

Molecular clocks drive oscillations in leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and other cell and leaf level processes over ~24 h under controlled laboratory conditions. The influence of such circadian regulation over whole canopy fluxes remains uncertain and diurnal CO2 and H2O vapor flux dynamics in the field are currently interpreted as resulting almost exclusively from direct physiological responses to variations in light, temperature and other environmental factors. We tested whether circadian regulation would affect plant and canopy gas exchange at the CNRS Ecotron. Canopy and leaf level fluxes were constantly monitored under field-like environmental conditions, and also under constant environmental conditions (no variation in temperature, radiation or other environmental cues). Here we show first direct experimental evidence at canopy scales of circadian gas exchange regulation: 20-79% of the daily variation range in CO2 and H2O fluxes occurred under circadian entrainment i...

SummaryOptimal stomatal theory is an evolutionary model proposing that leaves trade-off Carbon (C) for water to maximise C assimilation (A) and minimise transpiration (E), thereby generating a marginal water cost of carbon gain (λ) that remains constant over short temporal scales. The circadian clock is a molecular timer of metabolism that controls A and stomatal conductance (gs), amongst other processes, in a broad array of plant species. Here, we test whether circadian regulation contributes towards achieving optimal stomatal behaviour. We subjected bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) canopies to fixed, continuous environmental conditions of photosynthetically active radiation, temperature and vapour pressure deficit over 48 hours. We observed a significant and self-sustained circadian oscillation in A and in stomatal conductance (gs) which also led to a circadian oscillation in λ. The lack of constant marginal water cost indicates that circadian regulation d...

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2019

Setaria viridis, a genetic model for C4 monocots, has potential to provide information of relevance for plant biotechnology, contributing to an understanding of how genetic engineering can affect phenotype and agricultural production. The BBCH growth scale for the A10.1 accession of S. viridis consists of a detailed phenotypic analysis process, based on defined growth stages. Measurements of morphological attributes complementing the scale were also made, supporting the identification of growth and development stages. Phenotypic stages were grouped into three major stages of development: vegetative (BBCH 0 to 4), reproductive (BBCH 5 to 8) and senescence (BBCH 9). Observation and interpretation of the growth and development data of accessions A10.1 and Ast-1 showed that the former presents phenotypic hom*ogeneity, which makes it suitable for the construction of the BBCH-scale and improves our understanding of the phenology of this model plant. This methodological framework facilitate...

It seems that the future scenarios for water resources management are characterized by increasing demand and by the short-term unsustainability of many reservoirs in the Mediterranean basin. To address these scenarios, improved management of water resources was needed for water economy, and water recycling policies. Furthermore, agriculture characterized as the largest water user worldwide and the monitoring of the agriculture via remote sensing techniques is an enormous subject where it used for special scientific applications such as irrigation, precision farming, yield prediction, estimation of evapotranspiration etc. The main objective of this paper is to present the current situation of water resources in the Mediterranean region and present the methodology and main objectives of the SWSOIP project which aims to develop a smart watering system for the irrigation process based on the estimation of evapotranspiration using both in-situ data (spectroradiometric, LAI, CH and meteor...

PeerJ

The florivorous apple blossom weevil, Anthonomus pomorum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most economically relevant insect pest of European apple orchards in early spring. Neither efficient monitoring nor ecologically sustainable management of this insect pest has yet been implemented. To identify heritable traits of apple trees that might influence the host selection of A. pomorum, we compared the susceptibility of apple tree species using infestation rates of the domesticated apple, Malus domestica (Rosaceae: Pyreae), and the European crab apple, M. sylvestris. We evaluated the suitability of the two apple species for A. pomorum by quantifying the mass of weevil offspring. Because volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from flower buds of the domesticated apple have previously been suggested to mediate female weevil preference via olfactory cues, we conducted bioassay experiments with blossom buds of both apple species to explore the olfactory preference of adult weevils an...

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2002

26 th Conference of …, 2004

Metadata and Semantic Research

Studying the phenology of valuable native plants which are on the verge of extinction, is very important and effective for better introduction and protection of them. Fritillaria raddeana is one of the native bulbous plants with ornamental and medicinal value in Iran. The aim of this study is to investigate the phenological stages of F. raddeana as a first step to protect it and later to introduce it. In a natural habitat, in northern Khorasan province, Iran, six zones were selected at a distance of 1000 m from each other, and five plants were selected and coded in each zone. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study used the BBCH scale. In total, from sprouting to winter rest, six main principal stages were described for sprouting, leaf development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence, and beginning of dormancy stages and within them, 15 secondary growth stages were described. Data were collected once...

As a tropical tree, mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivated in Mediterranean climate needs protection against low temperatures. The aim of this work is to study the effect of traditional individual protective canopy protection systems in comparison with innovative typologies designed for this experiment on the physiological response of young mango trees during the cold season. We selected 25 four-year-old mango trees cv 'Glenn'. Trees were divided into five different groups: not covered trees (NC); trees with windbreak protection using a shading net (SN); trees with windbreak protection using non-woven sheets (WB); fully covered trees using non-woven sheets (FC); fully covered trees with non-woven sheets and the addition of a 'heat exchanger' device (FC+). Their canopies were fully covered (FC) and (FC+) or enclosed by a handmade individual windbreaks (SN and WB). We studied the evolution of temperature inside the canopy and evaluated the threshold of damage on leaves and shoots. We also monitored soil temperature under the trees. Precision self-made data loggers were assembled. A "heat exchanger" was realized for this experiment to try to recover heat from the ground and place it under the canopy of the plants. It was made with a 50 cm U-shaped aluminum pipeline using recycled materials; this was placed horizontally, 50 cm deep in the soil with one of two extremities above the soil and the other within the canopy. NC trees were damaged by cold temperature. More particular, the young shoot was injured by necrosis followed by fungal disease. The same behavior was observed in SN and WB when the canopy was only enclosed by the protection whereas FC tree shoots were intact. Non-woven sheets preserved intact the shoots only in the FC trees, as the canopies were completely covered by a closed space because the leaves and shoots were isolated from the outside. The 'heat exchanger' device increased, however minimally, the temperature in the closed space containing the canopy. The use of non-woven sheets, covering completely the canopy, allowed to preserve the shoots for future tree development.

BMC Plant Biology

Background Modern agriculture strives to sustainably manage fertilizer for both economic and environmental reasons. The monitoring of any nutritional (phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium) deficiency in growing plants is a challenge for precision farming technology. A study was carried out on three species of popular crops, celery (Apium graveolens L., cv. Neon), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L., cv. Tapir) and strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa duch*esne, cv. Honeoye), fertilized with four different doses of phosphorus (P) to deliver data for non-invasive detection of P content. Results Data obtained via biochemical analysis of the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in plant material showed that the strongest effect of P availability for plants was in the diverse total chlorophyll content in sugar beet and celery compared to that in strawberry, in which P affects a variety of carotenoid contents in leaves. The measurements performed using hyperspectral imaging, obtained in several different st...